Archaic Period - Ancient American Hunter-Gatherers

The Archaic period is the name given to generalized hunter-gatherer societies in the American continents from approximately 8,000 to 2000 years BC. Archaic lifestyles includes a dependence on elk, deer, and bison depending on where the site is, and a wide range of plant materials. In coastal areas, shellfish and marine mammals were important food sources, and fish weirs were an important technological advance. Archaic Advances Important advances of the later Archaic period include earthworks at sites such as Poverty Point and Watson Brake (both in Louisiana), and the first pottery in the Americas, a fiber-tempered ware named after Stallings Island South Carolina were an important invention. During the Altithermal, Archaic peoples dug wells to stay alive in the high plains of west Texas and eastern New Mexico. The Archaic period people are also responsible for the domestication of such important New World plants as bottle gourd, maize and cassava, the use of which plants would flourish in later periods. Regional Archaic The term Archaic is quite broad, and covers an enormous area of North and South America. As a result, several regional archaic groups have been recognized. Regional Archaic Traditions: Plains Archaic, Oshara Tradition, Maritime Archaic, Shield Archaic, Ortoiroid, Piedmont Tradition, Pinto Culture, San Dieguito, Orange Culture, Mount Albion See Guide to the Mesolithic for information about the roughly parallel period in the Old World.

Quiz 3 Essay - 870 Words

PHI 210 (Critical Thinking) Week 9 Quiz 3 Question 1 If students play video games, their school work will suffer, and they will not have the ability to succeed in life, ending up in lower paying jobs and needing government programs, which will increase our taxes. So video games will increase our taxes. CORRECT ANSWER – Slippery Slope Question 2 Professor Andrews, surely I deserve a B in logic. I know that I have gotten Fs on all the tests, but if you give me an F for my final grade, I will lose my scholarship. That will force me to drop out of school, and my poor, aged parents, who yearn to see me graduate, will be grief-stricken for the rest of their lives.CORRECT ANSWER – Appeal to Pity Question 3 Gay and†¦show more content†¦CORRECT ANSWER – Appeal to Pity Question 8 If we make an exception for you, then well have to make an exception for everyone. CORRECT ANSWER – Slippery Slope Question 9 Reporter: Congressman, What do you have to say about the reports on your campaigns questionable fund raising activities? Congressman: I am very humbled and grateful to the generosity of my supporters, and I will continue to do my utmost to represent our districts interests and concerns in Washington. CORRECT ANSWER – Ignoring the Question Question 10 There is a good deal of talk these days about the need to eliminate pesticides from our fruits and vegetables. But many of these foods are essential to our health. Carrots are an excellent source of vitamin A, broccoli is rich in iron, and oranges and grapefruits have lots of vitamin C. CORRECT ANSWER – Red Herring Question 11 If you are opposed to the North American Free Trade Agreement, you are obviously opposed to free trade. CORRECT ANSWER – Staw Man Question 12 Since Sodium and Chloride are each toxic to humans, the combination of sodium and chloride would be harmful to people. 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The Kings Speech Free Essays

The Kings Speech The movie opens with a speech being made, and imagine being in front of thousands of people. Now imagine being so scared your sweating bullets. This is how Albert the Duke of York felt every time he had to speak to the public knowing everyone was listening to his every word, he must have been frozen in fear to open his mouth and speak and what made it worse was the fear of being mocked by those who were supposed to love and adore you. We will write a custom essay sample on The Kings Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now The film is about Albert the Duke of York who has a speech problem that has made him frightened to speak in public, it was learned early on in the movie that the Duke of York has had this problem since he was four or five years old. The Duke believed that he would never be King because of this, and is probably why he was so shy around others. Albert was glad that he was never gonna be King but also feared that his older brother (who was supposed to be next in line for the throne) was going to mess up like his father King George predicted. I believe that maybe he had been hearing that all his life from others around him as he was growing up and it just stayed with him throughout his life. It was his self perception of himself in many ways. Not only did I watch â€Å"The Kings Speech† but I also watched the documentary called â€Å" The man behind the kings speech† and it provided more information about how others saw the King. It showed that although the public loved Albert and had respect for him he wasn’t the one who was next inline so there was a little resentment from the public which is what made it even harder when Albert took the crown as King. Albert was frightened when he had to take over for his brother, he knew that he was going to have to do the speeches and this is why Lionel Logue was brought into his life. The King had already seen many specialist about his stutter or stammer, and it didn’t work. So when his wife heard about Logue she immediately went to see him. You could tell that from the beginning that Albert was nothing like his brother, he was more private and a family man and this is what the public saw him as a well respected family man, who care about what people thought of him because of his problem. His wife was the opposite she cared but she knew her husband and wanted to help him get over his fear and his stuttering problem. She was a very strong women in the movie, and you can tell that she wanted the public to see him as she saw him warm, loving ,kind (as said in the documentary). The King hid himself to the public for fear of being mocked. Many of England didn’t know about his stutter. And the fact that he feared speaking over the radio. One scene in the movie where his kids wanted him to read them a story before bed comes to mind because The King didn’t want even his children to notice his stammer and probably feared they would laugh or ask questions. But I remember he told them that he would read a really quick one about a penguin, I think its because in the story he knew it well and knew that he wouldn’t stutter as much that’s called ones hidden self and its unfortunate but it was the 1930’s and wasn’t much research about this type of issue. In the end Albert became a well-known King, one who was able to lead England. He was compassionate when it came to war and when people lost their homes due to the bombings. The King and his wife was right there at the sight and talking to people, he also saw the troops. He was well respected as a King even though people said that he wouldn’t make a good King because of his stutter. He proved not only too himself but to the doubters that he could do it. He overcome his fear (maybe not completely)but he worked hard and was determined. This helped him deliver his last great speech with his wife and Lionel Logue by his side. 2nd part. Lionel Logues promise to cure The King of his stutter he actually says in the movie â€Å"I can cure your husband, but I need total trust. † What is being viewed as Logues promise of a cure within the context of the 1930’s practices. Or maybe Logue had self assurance in his practices which would help instill hope and confidence in his patients. Another example is that Logue practiced confidentiality when it came to his patient. You can see in the movie at no point did he reveal who his client was not even to his wife. His family didn’t find out until the King shows up in their parlor. Imagine how hard it must have been for him to keep that secret to himself not even telling his significant other. Lionel set about counseling the King and building patient/clinician relationship from the time The King stepped foot in his door, this was very important part of the story. Lionel needed to go through the process of earning The Kings respect and trust in order for the king to even work with him. When Lionel had Bertie read while listening to opera with headphones on was a good example of how Lionel was going to win Bertie’s trust. Along with therapy techniques which helped get to the problem of why his stutter began, their relationship and Lionel’s non-judgmental support were the things that helped him to overcome his fears and develop the confidence that The King needed to take his place as King and address the public on the radio. How to cite The Kings Speech, Essay examples

Project Management Social Media Research Centre †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Project Management Social Media Research Centre. Answer: Responsibilities A project manager is an individual who is tasked with the role of taking the responsibilities for the attainment of the projects objectives. Whenever an organization appoints an individual to act as the project manager it transfers the responsibilities of achieving the project to him, with the organization retaining the accountability for the outcome. For this purpose, its upon the manager to ensure his roles are clear to enable him deliver to the satisfaction of the organization. In general, some of the project managers responsibilities include planning. This simply means defining what the project is designed to accomplish, how, when and in what manner. Its the responsibility of the project manager to come up with the objectives of the project and define the required resources needed to put the project in place. The plan is the general blueprint upon which the direction and success of the project t will be determined. As the planner, he also takes responsibility to make changes in the project plan and follow up to ensure the changes are integrated effectively in the initial plan and all the project team members are tasks in line with it.(Kerzner, 1989) In addition to the planning responsibility the project manager is also tasked with the organization of the project. Here he is supposed to come up with a structure that will lead to the project operating at an optimum point i.e. maximum efficiency and effectiveness. Upon approval of his plan he is supposed to staff the project appropriately with effective coordination, control and well-designed communication channel. The key task in organization is recruiting the right people with the right skills to implements the various elements of the project.(Murphy, 1974) Furthermore, he is also the director. A project consists of various personnel with different skills and working in different components of the project its upon the manager to ensure that he leads and motivates the individuals to work towards a single objective as set in the project plan. As some of the team members may come in at different times, a link is needed to ensure their work are related to the objective thats where the project manager comes in.(Kerzner, 1989) Finally, he controls the activities under the project. Since he is the one responsible to the organization for the outcome of the project its upon him to set the standards of performance, measure the staff performance and make comparisons. In case of deviations he is supposed to take necessary measures to ensure everything goes back to track. Role of management to the project The management is responsible for selection of the project to be pursued. They are tasked with evaluating the various option and coming up with the projects which are in line with the business profit optimisation objectives (Ireland, 2006) in addition they organize the strategies for the projects, they come up with techniques of how the project will be managed, now the work of the project manager is to follow the design already established with the management team. Its also the role of the management to track the progress of the project and analyse its performance in relation to the set objectives. They also review and set new guidance where necessary. In their change of original plan, they consider the effect of the changes to the overall project and give the project manager appropriate recommendations. In addition, they allocate to the project manager the necessary resources needed for proper and timely accomplishing of the project. Together with the resources the management also natures the project manager through mentorship and training to give him adequate knowledge and skills to accomplish a project successfully.(Bjeirmi, 19996) Project management standards, methods, techniques and tools Project management is the use of a set of tools and techniques to divert the use of resources towards achievement of a specific, complicated one-time objective within the constraints set by the organization.(Carter, 2000) The management of a project is divided into four phases with each phase accorded relevant techniques Project initiation phase: here the techniques applicable include defining the initiation team, the customer association with the project, the initiation plan, procedures for managing the project as well as the management environment. The second is the project planning, here we have description of scope, feasibility and other available options. This technique help the team understand the project contents standards for measuring success and definition of project competition. Separating the project into tasks is another technique here the purpose is to break down the project into separate tasks which can be assigned to individuals to facilitate project progress. After dividing the project into tasks, we now pre-calculate the needed resource and develop a plan for the resources, the purpose here is to collect the resources and distribute them in an effective manner. Finally, the project manager will form a preliminary schedule, generate a communication line develop the standards and fina lly set a baseline plan for the project. (Payne, 1998) The third phase of the project is the execution. Under this phase, the manager will apply the techniques of implementing the baseline plan. Thats to say he will hire and train the new team members on their roles allocate them resources and monitor them for quality delivery. Thereafter he will compare the progress of the project to the baseline and act on the changes observed on the baseline project.(Payne, 1998) In the same phase, there will be maintenance of complete record of activities conducted so far. For understandably purposes he is also tasked with sharing the project progression details with the other team members and alert them of any changes in the original plan. Finally, we proceed to the closing phase, here the techniques will be project closing. Giving notification to all the relevant parties on the completion of the project finalising the documents and records to enable conducting the project review. Afterwards a post project review is conducted to generate strengths and weaknesses of the delivered project, techniques used to generate them as well as the management procedure. After all the above the project manager then make sure all contractual terms of the project were met. For purpose of mitigating the challenges of project management there are several tools which are available to help in the task. Some of the tools are manual while others are electronic its upon the manager to select the tool which best fit the available task considering his resources. One of the tools is the PERT, this involve the use of PERT charts as well as the Critical Path Method(Kerzner, 1989) Then there is the use of Gantt charts, this indicates the calendar time job allocation. It applies graphic representations to indicate start, elapsed and time of completion of any task inside the project. They are more useful in tracking status of the projects components. These tools are still evolving and will soon see development of software which can handle the tasks in a more efficient time saving manner.(Schimmoller, 2001) Areas of knowledge For a project manager to be able to carry out his responsibilities to the required standards by the organization he is required to possess certain skills.(Posner, 1987) In a wider term, he should have the management skills: due to the changes in the expectations of the project manager, they are currently expected to have more of the management skills than the traditional technical skills in project operation. One such managerial skill is the process skill. This is much of working with processes and tools. The manager should understand how to interpret the various statistical analysis and come up with the best management methodologies.(Posner, 1987) He should let the technical team carry out the actual projects and restricts his work to the general perspectives. In addition, he should also find solutions to various problems. As a project is undergoing tackling by the technical teams, it is prone to encounter problems at certain stages. The manager should be able to identify it early enough and put in place measures to mitigate it. With adequate problem solving techniques he should be able to break down a complex problem analyse it get to its root cau se using analytical thinking then get away to solve it.(Nicholas, 1989) In line with their job product managers use most of their time negotiating for support, resources and other form of equipment. Even though he needs assistance from other specialists such as lawyers in the negotiations he need the skill as well since he is expected to make the various beneficiaries not interested in the project see its benefits and hence find a ground for supporting its success.(B. N. Baker, 1974) As a good negotiator, he will be able to generate a common ground for various parties to partner for the benefit of the project. Good management skills also equal to acceptable conceptual skills. The project manager is the integrator for this he needs to see the project as whole, predict how changes in one component of the project will affect the other parts get the interrelation between the donors, developers and the final beneficiaries and with this have a clear vision of the overall goal. With complex projects the skill become more of a necessity to the project manager. (Oakland, 1989) Another wider area of knowledge he supposed to have is the interpersonal skills. This the ability to understand other peoples attitude and the general human dynamics this way the manager can work efficiently as a team leader. Leadership skills is a component of the interpersonal skill, a project manager is a team leader i.e. he achieves his objectives through people, due to this he needs to make them have a clear vision of the tasks a head and the expected results. In addition, there is the communication skills. The project managers are expected to update the organization with the progress and challenges facing the project on the other hand he is supposed to delegate duties as well as make the employees understand the project in addition to whats required of them. All this needs the communication skills for the others to understand him better. To add into the above skills efficient behavioural skills will be another advantage to the manager. Because he works with a large pool of people his attitude and conduct is necessary in motivating the other team members for this reason the behavioural skills will be well utilised. Problems facing the project manager One of the major challenges the project manager will face is lack of enough authority to handle the responsibilities allocated to him. Though this depends much on the organization structure the gap between responsibility and authority is wider in functional organizations. To compensate for this lack of adequate authority the manager needs to possess high technical skills which will enable him command respect from the other team members in addition he will have to rely on his leadership abilities and fluent communication Unrealistic objectives are another challenge the project managers face, often the organizations based their targets in their desires and what they intend to achieve without considering what the project contains. With the project manager given the responsibility of meeting the project objectives, he is set up for struggles as he tries to desperately fit the project within the set boundaries. A solution to this problem should be a well analysed customer needs and coming up with a realistic solution to the demands. From here the organization should make formal plan and hence set the project as per the achievable business needs.(Murphy, 1974) With everyone in a firm having his own personal objectives in terms of optimising his career, its upon the project manager to align these diverse objectives to realise that the project success depends on the collective efforts of all members. This way he will be able to prevent the team members from using his project resources to advance their own technical success. To achieve this the project manager needs to possess a strong interpersonal skill. Another challenge hindering the effective performance of them is the dual responsibility. The organization often expects the project managers to perform in their job responsibilities while on the other hand excelling in the project management. This situation makes it difficult for the manager to make decisions because of the perpetual conflict between his two tasks. In addition, he may have to report to two different branches of the organization.(Hugh, 1986) With both expecting success the situation becomes more complex. A solution may be trying to use his planning skill optimally to divide the time allocated to each task. References N. Baker, D. F. (1974). Project management in the public sector: success and failure patterns compared to private sector projects. National Technical Information Services. Bjeirmi, A. K. (19996). The role of project management in achieving project success. International Journal of project Management. Carter, J. A. (2000). Grant winner's toolkit: Project Management and Evaluation. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Hugh, M. P. (1986). Preconditions of success and Failure in major projects. Kinnington Oxford: templeton college, the oxford center for management studies. Ireland, D. L. (2006). Executive Management's Role in Project Management. International project management association. Kerzner, H. (1989). Project Management a system approach to plannang ,scheduling, and controlling. New York: van nostrand Reinhold. Murphy, B. B. (1974). project management in the public sector: Success and failure patterns compared to private sector. National technical Information Services. Nicholas, J. M. (1989). Successsful project management: a force-field analysis. Oakland, J. S. (1989). Total Quality Management. Oxford: Heinemann. Payne, J. a. (1998). Management basics. Adams Media Corporation. Posner, B. Z. (1987). What it takes to be a good project manager. Project Management Journal, 51-54. Schimmoller, K. B. (2001, May). The changing Face of project Management. power Engeneering, pp. 28-30.