Archaic Period - Ancient American Hunter-Gatherers

The Archaic period is the name given to generalized hunter-gatherer societies in the American continents from approximately 8,000 to 2000 years BC. Archaic lifestyles includes a dependence on elk, deer, and bison depending on where the site is, and a wide range of plant materials. In coastal areas, shellfish and marine mammals were important food sources, and fish weirs were an important technological advance. Archaic Advances Important advances of the later Archaic period include earthworks at sites such as Poverty Point and Watson Brake (both in Louisiana), and the first pottery in the Americas, a fiber-tempered ware named after Stallings Island South Carolina were an important invention. During the Altithermal, Archaic peoples dug wells to stay alive in the high plains of west Texas and eastern New Mexico. The Archaic period people are also responsible for the domestication of such important New World plants as bottle gourd, maize and cassava, the use of which plants would flourish in later periods. Regional Archaic The term Archaic is quite broad, and covers an enormous area of North and South America. As a result, several regional archaic groups have been recognized. Regional Archaic Traditions: Plains Archaic, Oshara Tradition, Maritime Archaic, Shield Archaic, Ortoiroid, Piedmont Tradition, Pinto Culture, San Dieguito, Orange Culture, Mount Albion See Guide to the Mesolithic for information about the roughly parallel period in the Old World.

Quiz 3 Essay - 870 Words

PHI 210 (Critical Thinking) Week 9 Quiz 3 Question 1 If students play video games, their school work will suffer, and they will not have the ability to succeed in life, ending up in lower paying jobs and needing government programs, which will increase our taxes. So video games will increase our taxes. CORRECT ANSWER – Slippery Slope Question 2 Professor Andrews, surely I deserve a B in logic. I know that I have gotten Fs on all the tests, but if you give me an F for my final grade, I will lose my scholarship. That will force me to drop out of school, and my poor, aged parents, who yearn to see me graduate, will be grief-stricken for the rest of their lives.CORRECT ANSWER – Appeal to Pity Question 3 Gay and†¦show more content†¦CORRECT ANSWER – Appeal to Pity Question 8 If we make an exception for you, then well have to make an exception for everyone. CORRECT ANSWER – Slippery Slope Question 9 Reporter: Congressman, What do you have to say about the reports on your campaigns questionable fund raising activities? Congressman: I am very humbled and grateful to the generosity of my supporters, and I will continue to do my utmost to represent our districts interests and concerns in Washington. CORRECT ANSWER – Ignoring the Question Question 10 There is a good deal of talk these days about the need to eliminate pesticides from our fruits and vegetables. But many of these foods are essential to our health. Carrots are an excellent source of vitamin A, broccoli is rich in iron, and oranges and grapefruits have lots of vitamin C. CORRECT ANSWER – Red Herring Question 11 If you are opposed to the North American Free Trade Agreement, you are obviously opposed to free trade. CORRECT ANSWER – Staw Man Question 12 Since Sodium and Chloride are each toxic to humans, the combination of sodium and chloride would be harmful to people. 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The Kings Speech Free Essays

The Kings Speech The movie opens with a speech being made, and imagine being in front of thousands of people. Now imagine being so scared your sweating bullets. This is how Albert the Duke of York felt every time he had to speak to the public knowing everyone was listening to his every word, he must have been frozen in fear to open his mouth and speak and what made it worse was the fear of being mocked by those who were supposed to love and adore you. We will write a custom essay sample on The Kings Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now The film is about Albert the Duke of York who has a speech problem that has made him frightened to speak in public, it was learned early on in the movie that the Duke of York has had this problem since he was four or five years old. The Duke believed that he would never be King because of this, and is probably why he was so shy around others. Albert was glad that he was never gonna be King but also feared that his older brother (who was supposed to be next in line for the throne) was going to mess up like his father King George predicted. I believe that maybe he had been hearing that all his life from others around him as he was growing up and it just stayed with him throughout his life. It was his self perception of himself in many ways. Not only did I watch â€Å"The Kings Speech† but I also watched the documentary called â€Å" The man behind the kings speech† and it provided more information about how others saw the King. It showed that although the public loved Albert and had respect for him he wasn’t the one who was next inline so there was a little resentment from the public which is what made it even harder when Albert took the crown as King. Albert was frightened when he had to take over for his brother, he knew that he was going to have to do the speeches and this is why Lionel Logue was brought into his life. The King had already seen many specialist about his stutter or stammer, and it didn’t work. So when his wife heard about Logue she immediately went to see him. You could tell that from the beginning that Albert was nothing like his brother, he was more private and a family man and this is what the public saw him as a well respected family man, who care about what people thought of him because of his problem. His wife was the opposite she cared but she knew her husband and wanted to help him get over his fear and his stuttering problem. She was a very strong women in the movie, and you can tell that she wanted the public to see him as she saw him warm, loving ,kind (as said in the documentary). The King hid himself to the public for fear of being mocked. Many of England didn’t know about his stutter. And the fact that he feared speaking over the radio. One scene in the movie where his kids wanted him to read them a story before bed comes to mind because The King didn’t want even his children to notice his stammer and probably feared they would laugh or ask questions. But I remember he told them that he would read a really quick one about a penguin, I think its because in the story he knew it well and knew that he wouldn’t stutter as much that’s called ones hidden self and its unfortunate but it was the 1930’s and wasn’t much research about this type of issue. In the end Albert became a well-known King, one who was able to lead England. He was compassionate when it came to war and when people lost their homes due to the bombings. The King and his wife was right there at the sight and talking to people, he also saw the troops. He was well respected as a King even though people said that he wouldn’t make a good King because of his stutter. He proved not only too himself but to the doubters that he could do it. He overcome his fear (maybe not completely)but he worked hard and was determined. This helped him deliver his last great speech with his wife and Lionel Logue by his side. 2nd part. Lionel Logues promise to cure The King of his stutter he actually says in the movie â€Å"I can cure your husband, but I need total trust. † What is being viewed as Logues promise of a cure within the context of the 1930’s practices. Or maybe Logue had self assurance in his practices which would help instill hope and confidence in his patients. Another example is that Logue practiced confidentiality when it came to his patient. You can see in the movie at no point did he reveal who his client was not even to his wife. His family didn’t find out until the King shows up in their parlor. Imagine how hard it must have been for him to keep that secret to himself not even telling his significant other. Lionel set about counseling the King and building patient/clinician relationship from the time The King stepped foot in his door, this was very important part of the story. Lionel needed to go through the process of earning The Kings respect and trust in order for the king to even work with him. When Lionel had Bertie read while listening to opera with headphones on was a good example of how Lionel was going to win Bertie’s trust. Along with therapy techniques which helped get to the problem of why his stutter began, their relationship and Lionel’s non-judgmental support were the things that helped him to overcome his fears and develop the confidence that The King needed to take his place as King and address the public on the radio. How to cite The Kings Speech, Essay examples

Project Management Social Media Research Centre †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Project Management Social Media Research Centre. Answer: Responsibilities A project manager is an individual who is tasked with the role of taking the responsibilities for the attainment of the projects objectives. Whenever an organization appoints an individual to act as the project manager it transfers the responsibilities of achieving the project to him, with the organization retaining the accountability for the outcome. For this purpose, its upon the manager to ensure his roles are clear to enable him deliver to the satisfaction of the organization. In general, some of the project managers responsibilities include planning. This simply means defining what the project is designed to accomplish, how, when and in what manner. Its the responsibility of the project manager to come up with the objectives of the project and define the required resources needed to put the project in place. The plan is the general blueprint upon which the direction and success of the project t will be determined. As the planner, he also takes responsibility to make changes in the project plan and follow up to ensure the changes are integrated effectively in the initial plan and all the project team members are tasks in line with it.(Kerzner, 1989) In addition to the planning responsibility the project manager is also tasked with the organization of the project. Here he is supposed to come up with a structure that will lead to the project operating at an optimum point i.e. maximum efficiency and effectiveness. Upon approval of his plan he is supposed to staff the project appropriately with effective coordination, control and well-designed communication channel. The key task in organization is recruiting the right people with the right skills to implements the various elements of the project.(Murphy, 1974) Furthermore, he is also the director. A project consists of various personnel with different skills and working in different components of the project its upon the manager to ensure that he leads and motivates the individuals to work towards a single objective as set in the project plan. As some of the team members may come in at different times, a link is needed to ensure their work are related to the objective thats where the project manager comes in.(Kerzner, 1989) Finally, he controls the activities under the project. Since he is the one responsible to the organization for the outcome of the project its upon him to set the standards of performance, measure the staff performance and make comparisons. In case of deviations he is supposed to take necessary measures to ensure everything goes back to track. Role of management to the project The management is responsible for selection of the project to be pursued. They are tasked with evaluating the various option and coming up with the projects which are in line with the business profit optimisation objectives (Ireland, 2006) in addition they organize the strategies for the projects, they come up with techniques of how the project will be managed, now the work of the project manager is to follow the design already established with the management team. Its also the role of the management to track the progress of the project and analyse its performance in relation to the set objectives. They also review and set new guidance where necessary. In their change of original plan, they consider the effect of the changes to the overall project and give the project manager appropriate recommendations. In addition, they allocate to the project manager the necessary resources needed for proper and timely accomplishing of the project. Together with the resources the management also natures the project manager through mentorship and training to give him adequate knowledge and skills to accomplish a project successfully.(Bjeirmi, 19996) Project management standards, methods, techniques and tools Project management is the use of a set of tools and techniques to divert the use of resources towards achievement of a specific, complicated one-time objective within the constraints set by the organization.(Carter, 2000) The management of a project is divided into four phases with each phase accorded relevant techniques Project initiation phase: here the techniques applicable include defining the initiation team, the customer association with the project, the initiation plan, procedures for managing the project as well as the management environment. The second is the project planning, here we have description of scope, feasibility and other available options. This technique help the team understand the project contents standards for measuring success and definition of project competition. Separating the project into tasks is another technique here the purpose is to break down the project into separate tasks which can be assigned to individuals to facilitate project progress. After dividing the project into tasks, we now pre-calculate the needed resource and develop a plan for the resources, the purpose here is to collect the resources and distribute them in an effective manner. Finally, the project manager will form a preliminary schedule, generate a communication line develop the standards and fina lly set a baseline plan for the project. (Payne, 1998) The third phase of the project is the execution. Under this phase, the manager will apply the techniques of implementing the baseline plan. Thats to say he will hire and train the new team members on their roles allocate them resources and monitor them for quality delivery. Thereafter he will compare the progress of the project to the baseline and act on the changes observed on the baseline project.(Payne, 1998) In the same phase, there will be maintenance of complete record of activities conducted so far. For understandably purposes he is also tasked with sharing the project progression details with the other team members and alert them of any changes in the original plan. Finally, we proceed to the closing phase, here the techniques will be project closing. Giving notification to all the relevant parties on the completion of the project finalising the documents and records to enable conducting the project review. Afterwards a post project review is conducted to generate strengths and weaknesses of the delivered project, techniques used to generate them as well as the management procedure. After all the above the project manager then make sure all contractual terms of the project were met. For purpose of mitigating the challenges of project management there are several tools which are available to help in the task. Some of the tools are manual while others are electronic its upon the manager to select the tool which best fit the available task considering his resources. One of the tools is the PERT, this involve the use of PERT charts as well as the Critical Path Method(Kerzner, 1989) Then there is the use of Gantt charts, this indicates the calendar time job allocation. It applies graphic representations to indicate start, elapsed and time of completion of any task inside the project. They are more useful in tracking status of the projects components. These tools are still evolving and will soon see development of software which can handle the tasks in a more efficient time saving manner.(Schimmoller, 2001) Areas of knowledge For a project manager to be able to carry out his responsibilities to the required standards by the organization he is required to possess certain skills.(Posner, 1987) In a wider term, he should have the management skills: due to the changes in the expectations of the project manager, they are currently expected to have more of the management skills than the traditional technical skills in project operation. One such managerial skill is the process skill. This is much of working with processes and tools. The manager should understand how to interpret the various statistical analysis and come up with the best management methodologies.(Posner, 1987) He should let the technical team carry out the actual projects and restricts his work to the general perspectives. In addition, he should also find solutions to various problems. As a project is undergoing tackling by the technical teams, it is prone to encounter problems at certain stages. The manager should be able to identify it early enough and put in place measures to mitigate it. With adequate problem solving techniques he should be able to break down a complex problem analyse it get to its root cau se using analytical thinking then get away to solve it.(Nicholas, 1989) In line with their job product managers use most of their time negotiating for support, resources and other form of equipment. Even though he needs assistance from other specialists such as lawyers in the negotiations he need the skill as well since he is expected to make the various beneficiaries not interested in the project see its benefits and hence find a ground for supporting its success.(B. N. Baker, 1974) As a good negotiator, he will be able to generate a common ground for various parties to partner for the benefit of the project. Good management skills also equal to acceptable conceptual skills. The project manager is the integrator for this he needs to see the project as whole, predict how changes in one component of the project will affect the other parts get the interrelation between the donors, developers and the final beneficiaries and with this have a clear vision of the overall goal. With complex projects the skill become more of a necessity to the project manager. (Oakland, 1989) Another wider area of knowledge he supposed to have is the interpersonal skills. This the ability to understand other peoples attitude and the general human dynamics this way the manager can work efficiently as a team leader. Leadership skills is a component of the interpersonal skill, a project manager is a team leader i.e. he achieves his objectives through people, due to this he needs to make them have a clear vision of the tasks a head and the expected results. In addition, there is the communication skills. The project managers are expected to update the organization with the progress and challenges facing the project on the other hand he is supposed to delegate duties as well as make the employees understand the project in addition to whats required of them. All this needs the communication skills for the others to understand him better. To add into the above skills efficient behavioural skills will be another advantage to the manager. Because he works with a large pool of people his attitude and conduct is necessary in motivating the other team members for this reason the behavioural skills will be well utilised. Problems facing the project manager One of the major challenges the project manager will face is lack of enough authority to handle the responsibilities allocated to him. Though this depends much on the organization structure the gap between responsibility and authority is wider in functional organizations. To compensate for this lack of adequate authority the manager needs to possess high technical skills which will enable him command respect from the other team members in addition he will have to rely on his leadership abilities and fluent communication Unrealistic objectives are another challenge the project managers face, often the organizations based their targets in their desires and what they intend to achieve without considering what the project contains. With the project manager given the responsibility of meeting the project objectives, he is set up for struggles as he tries to desperately fit the project within the set boundaries. A solution to this problem should be a well analysed customer needs and coming up with a realistic solution to the demands. From here the organization should make formal plan and hence set the project as per the achievable business needs.(Murphy, 1974) With everyone in a firm having his own personal objectives in terms of optimising his career, its upon the project manager to align these diverse objectives to realise that the project success depends on the collective efforts of all members. This way he will be able to prevent the team members from using his project resources to advance their own technical success. To achieve this the project manager needs to possess a strong interpersonal skill. Another challenge hindering the effective performance of them is the dual responsibility. The organization often expects the project managers to perform in their job responsibilities while on the other hand excelling in the project management. This situation makes it difficult for the manager to make decisions because of the perpetual conflict between his two tasks. In addition, he may have to report to two different branches of the organization.(Hugh, 1986) With both expecting success the situation becomes more complex. A solution may be trying to use his planning skill optimally to divide the time allocated to each task. References N. Baker, D. F. (1974). Project management in the public sector: success and failure patterns compared to private sector projects. National Technical Information Services. Bjeirmi, A. K. (19996). The role of project management in achieving project success. International Journal of project Management. Carter, J. A. (2000). Grant winner's toolkit: Project Management and Evaluation. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Hugh, M. P. (1986). Preconditions of success and Failure in major projects. Kinnington Oxford: templeton college, the oxford center for management studies. Ireland, D. L. (2006). Executive Management's Role in Project Management. International project management association. Kerzner, H. (1989). Project Management a system approach to plannang ,scheduling, and controlling. New York: van nostrand Reinhold. Murphy, B. B. (1974). project management in the public sector: Success and failure patterns compared to private sector. National technical Information Services. Nicholas, J. M. (1989). Successsful project management: a force-field analysis. Oakland, J. S. (1989). Total Quality Management. Oxford: Heinemann. Payne, J. a. (1998). Management basics. Adams Media Corporation. Posner, B. Z. (1987). What it takes to be a good project manager. Project Management Journal, 51-54. Schimmoller, K. B. (2001, May). The changing Face of project Management. power Engeneering, pp. 28-30.

The pros of mandatory service

Introduction Students appear to be overwhelmed by the myriad of activities that make up their school programs. Many would argue that this would be just another burden for them. However, choosing such a stance would obscure the long term merits of the program. Focusing on the short discomforts of mandatory voluntary service causes one to miss out on the great benefits that can emanate from the program. Not only would participants gain work-related skills like team-building and time management, they would also develop a deep community identity.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The pros of mandatory service specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Why the bill should become law Mandatory community or military service would strengthen students’ association with their communities. As students volunteer in hospitals, fire departments, drug recovery centers and others, they will get to learn about unmet needs in their community (Worrall 15). This could compel them to become passionate about filling those gaps and thus more active in their adult life. For instance, a training psychologist could learn about the lack of adequate follow-through in drug rehabilitation centers and this could propel him or her to become a better professional in the future. Alternatively, if a person finds that things are working well in his or her community, the volunteer could develop a sense of pride. He or she will appreciate the valuable work that other people are putting into his or her area of residence. Therefore, the program will enhance community identity and ownership over initiatives. One may also argue that modern American youth are too consumer-oriented (Longo 93). Most of them tend to focus on their individual needs rather than that of their surroundings. These young men and women only care about what they can get out of their parents or the government rather than what they can give back. National vo luntary services would enable such persons to connect with forces beyond themselves and develop a moral outlook (Sauerwein 15). Mandatory volunteer work will strengthen students’ prospects for employment. Individuals who work in community services must build rapport with others. They need to know teamwork as they must consult with paid professionals, fellow volunteers, or beneficiaries of the programs (Light 81). Additionally, these persons must plan their time adequately in order to fit it into their school routine. They will thus learn time management skills. Several students are already doing volunteer work and they do not even know it. One indication of this trend is participation in internship programs. Internship often gives students an added advantage in job recruitments (Shivaun 43). Consequently, the same may be said of the proposed mandatory community program. Opportunities and skills obtained from the plan would be priceless. For instance, individuals would build n etworks in their desired career line, and this could enhance their prospects for finding employment.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Students require opportunities to make them more marketable to employers, and voluntary service is one such avenue. The consumerist attitude that pervades western societies has caused American youth to become self-centered. This policy could foster a greater moral attitude among the country’s citizenry. In essence, such a policy would make participants better professionals because they would learn about inadequacies in current arrangements. This could cause them to foster change in their professions. Some short term sacrifices always have to be made in order to realize a greater good. Students, parents, employers and other stakeholders will appreciate the proposed law once they see the gains of the policy. Works Cited Light, Ri chard. Making the most of college: Students speak their minds. Harvard: HUP, 2001. Print. Longo, Nicholas. Why community matters: Connecting education with civic life. NY: SUNY press, 2007. Print. Sauerwein, Kristina. â€Å"A compelling case for volunteers.† The American School Board Journal 183.3 (1996): 29-31. Print. Shivaun, Perez. Assessing service learning using pragmatic principles of Education. Texas: Texas State University Press, 2000. Print. Worrall, Laurie. â€Å"Asking the community: A case study of community partner perspectives.† Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning 14.1(2007): 5-17. Print.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The pros of mandatory service specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This research paper on The pros of mandatory service was written and submitted by user S0l0 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Adventures On The Rapids Essays - Rafting, Rapids, Free Essays

Adventures On The Rapids Essays - Rafting, Rapids, Free Essays Adventures On The Rapids Adventures on the Rapids This could be your last meal, my mother jokingly said before we left that day. The day was bright, and the sun gleaming. The group packed into the muggy van, it was stifling hot, and downright uncomfortable. On a hot summer Missouri day, in the middle of July, your shirt clung to your damp skin. The mission: White Water Rafting. The drive to the river, where we would begin our incredible journey, seemed to last endless miles. The humidity was almost unbearable; the van had absolutely no ventilation. Fifteen people packed like sardines, anticipating beginning the trip over the rapids. Envisioning the cool water splashing on our sunburned faces. Fleeing from the van was like jumping from a burning building. Bathing suits on, sunblock applied, strength in tact, we were set. Waiting for the moment when we were able to jump into the raft, and head down stream. Savoring our feet splashing in the chilly water. What we didn't know, was what the day was about to become, and how it could have changed our lives forever. Less than two hours from now, we would know. I was assigned to a raft with my brother, my friend, and the river guide. The adults went in another. About an hour after we left, we made our first stop; an enormous rock midstream. We sat there for several minutes hopped back into the raft and we were on our way, rushing down the river, nearing towards the end. As we approached the last of the rapids, our guide asked if we wanted to surf up them. Surfing is basically paddling up a rapid. We practiced for several minutes, because you have to get used to paddling against the current, then you can go up against a rapid. We were prepared, and ready for the last of the excitement in our adventure on the rapids. Fighting our way up the rapid, it all played out in slow motion. We paddled hard, and so powerfully. I remember it being like a space ship bursting into the sky, or a bomb exploding, when another raft came charging down the rapid, crashing into my side of the raft. I was thrown off the raft, into the bitterly frigid water. All playing back in my head now, even slower I found myself panicking. I realized that my foot had been lodged in between two rocks. As my life is flashing before my eyes, I saw fearful people above the water. I was unbelievably frightened. I heard screams, and yelling from above water. Then I thought to myself, What if I can't see images of my life seconds from now? What if I can't feel terrified? What if I can't see the people just above me? Abruptly, as if I was released from a funnel cloud. I was pushed into the stream. Now I was gliding downstream. My foot was released, my fear calmed, and the images weren't flashing anymore. I was safe.

Does the european union need a constitution Essay

Does the european union need a constitution - Essay Example However, the bigger picture is, will it be integrative of them as one whole body A constitution must serve the best interests not just one or a few member states. Devanny (2004) says the debate about whether the EU should adopt a constitution has been protracted and controversial. It is both a practical debate (Does the EU need a constitution) and a more abstract debate (Is the EU the kind of entity/organisation that should adopt a constitution). According to Murkens (2002), the European Union leaders at the Laeken summit in December 2001 had agreed to a constitutional convention headed by the former French President Valry Giscard D'Estaing to craft an EU constitution. And yet, the European Court of Justice (ECJ), the German Federal Constitutional Court, and academic commentators say the founding treaties already form a constitution. From Murkens (2002) - "In its famous decision in Van Gend en Loos in 1963 the ECJ held that the Treaty of Rome had created a Community not only of governments but of peoples, and that the Member States had agreed to limit their sovereign rights in certain fields. A year later the ECJ established the doctrine of supremacy of Community law in Costa v. ENEL which was basically accepted by national constitutional courts. These decisions heralded the 'creeping constitutionalisation' of Community law. The novelty of the ECJ's approach was that it did not try to squeeze the Treaty into the constitutional mould of the Verfassungsstaat. More important than the 'formal constitution' was the interpretation of the Treaty by the ECJ as the 'material constitution' (Petersmann 1991: 28), whose basic tenets include the doctrines of direct effect, supremacy, and implied powers, as well as respect for human rights." The arguments for and against an EU constitution rest on complicated issues of law, sovereignty, political philosophy and the efficiency and effectiveness of the EU's institutions and procedures (Murkens 2002). At the June 2004 European Council meeting, governments of the 25 EU member states signed a constitutional treaty for the European Union (Closa 2004). Intended to include voices not usually heard in the European integration process, this treaty was drafted by a "Convention on the Future of Europe." From there, member state governments negotiated on the draft that eventually produced a treaty (Ibid). But the process is far from over. It has just entered its final and perhaps most difficult phase. According to Closa (2004), the text must be ratified unanimously by the member states, each according to its own national process, but there are uncertainties that may spell disaster for the future of European integration (Ibid). II. From treaties to Constitution A timeline (History, Wikipedia 2005) shows the development of seven treaties into EU constitution from 1952 to 2003 to include - 1952: Treaty of Paris, 1958: Treaties of Rome, 1967: Merger Treaty, 1987: Single European Act, 1993: Treaty of Maastricht, 1999: Treaty of Amsterdam, and 2003: Treaty of Nice. The European Constitution is being hoped to be enacted in the soonest future. The three pillars are: 1) the European Communities (the European Coal and Steel Community or ECSC which came about in 1952; the European Community or EC which came around in 1958; the European Atomic

Planning Commission Meeting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Planning Commission Meeting - Assignment Example The issues at hand included pollution due to poor disposal of wastes, carbon gas emissions due to transportation and use of fossil fuel. Protection of water catchment areas from industrial pollution was also a major concern which prompted the constitution of the commission. The agenda for the meeting was set by Rebecca Devooght as the chairperson of the commission. It appears the issue on environmental sustainability through reducing pollution has been a concern and a point of discussion for the last 10 years or so since it emanated from the late 90’s, though major escalating factors arose in 2007 leading to the formation the commission to look into the green-house gas process (Birch and Wachter, 60). Planning Commission members: The planning commission on environmental sustainability was composed of women and men in a manner to put into consideration gender balance. It had four males and four females. The males were Fred Bauries, Paul Cervenak, Bill Hartwig and Stephen Wooden while the females were Rebecca Devooght, Emily Fleury- vice Chair, Lynsey Clayton and Julie Jones-Fisk During the meeting every member contributed where others raised the contentious questions while the others provided the responses. Suggestions provided were discussed with the opinion of the members well incorporated and therefore it was an all inclusive participation for all the members of the commission. This implies that the findings of the commission are a genuine representation of the views of all members representing the different groups. During the meeting, various aspects of planning were considered in reviewing the possibility of coming up with a practical plan for sustainable environment in the city. Questions came up on the comparison of how the recycling facilities were being applied in other citities. This included practicability and efficiency of using such recycling facilities. The modalities and methods of making the recycling system more practical and applicable w ere explored and finally, it was concluded that it was better to use cans in collecting garbage and the cans should be colored differently to give the users an easy time in identifying which type of garbage should go in each can. This would make the cans easy to use and would provide room for easy recycling of the garbage as the materials will be sorted according to classes and the ability to be recycled or not. The aspect of cost of such a system also came up as to whether it was possible to develop other means which were more efficient in terms of providing energy but at lower cost. The other challenge the commission encountered was in trying to establish who was responsible for what kind of planning among the various interest groups. It was difficult to establish this because the recycling of materials such as furniture and garbage was done at different times of the year by different groups (Birch and Wachter, 152). Even if a recycling center was established, it was difficult to engage a constant and efficient recycling staff who could do this regularly without being underutilized. The students could be disposing their furniture or garbage at a particular time while businessmen and women would tend to dispose garbage on a regular basis. This is an activism commission which is trying to put checks on the city council of management. The issue of environmental sustainability is an issue that

International Business - World Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International Business - World Trade - Essay Example Also the governments' interest in the health or the profits of the industry as well as the capitol flow which in turn affect the states' economy is highlighted in this case study. With regards to the civil aviation industry, the various products, their launch aid from the governments and other agencies directly or indirectly through favoured contracts and subsidies and tax cuts and waivers on loans also called soft loans are among the issues discussed in the case study. However, the direct and indirect support and patronization by the governments are also subject to some of the World Trade Organization's provisions prohibiting any support from the governments under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM), the European Union (EU) and the US governments' Agreement on Trade in Large Civil Aircrafts which restricts the governments to cap the direct or indirect financial aid to the companies producing these aircrafts; are all related to the issues relating to the governments protectionist policies as these are in one or the other way related to international trade as well as the economies of the respective states. Each government has identified their need to provide support to the large and complex civil aircraft industry as investing in it can give them an advantage and also create as they observe employment for their skilled and unskilled resource while help build new technologies and generate huge amounts of corporate taxes for the state's revenue. However, the international trade responsibilities of each country or state have also been looked into with respect to the affect of the different governments supporting the industry at various levels. The trade practices themselves are questioned as relating to the governments protectionist policies which are interested in protecting their interests. Further, the EU governments' public policies identify the need for providing key services like healthcare, public transport, banking, etc. which enable them to play a strong role in building the economy of the nation. Hence, EU governments consider greater intervention in the market is necessary for building a growing economy. France took steps in this direction by regulating the private sector work hours to a minimum of 35hrs a week and also increasing the corporate taxes, along with Germany. Owing to the governments intervention in the markets, civil aviation in the US and EU has benefited. Boeing received huge orders from the US Department of Defence during World War II and the Cold war which helped it to consolidate its position in the market. Further, after 9/11 it is being supported by tax money through subsidies and soft loans. On the other hand, the EU governments have formed alliances to found Airbus to make large civil aircrafts as part of their public policies. France, Ger many, Britain and Spain hold stock in the company jointly and sanction subsidies and soft loans individually. In the early 2000s the Airbus annual sales for A350 exceeded that of

Consumer Behavior When Purchasing A Car Marketing Essay

Consumer Behavior When Purchasing A Car Marketing Essay Imagine you are a consumer who is about to purchase a car. You may imagine it to be any consumer (male or female, in full time employment or student, married or single, old or young, rich or poor, children or no children, etc) but be sure to clearly state the personal characteristics you imagine this particular consumer to have. It may also be useful at this point to establish whether you are able to gain information on your imaginary chosen consumer (from sources such as Mintel) so that you have credible sources from which to base your report on. Please note that this consumer need not be you! Your report is expected to describe and explain the characteristics that affect consumer behaviour and outline the consumer decision-making process as it relates to purchasing a car for this consumer. You should also discuss the relevance of the decision-making process to Marketers of cars in general and provide recommendations of how they can influence the stages of the decision-making process. Introduction The term consumer behavior includes the customers of specific goods and the people using the goods. It is usually used to refer to any human market behavior and use of products and services. Today, consumer behaviour is a multidisciplinary science that investigates not only the consumer decision-making process and the acquisition of product, but also the further activities of the consumer after the purchase of the product, such as using, evaluating and rejecting the product or service (Blackwell et al. 2001). In the present essay, the theory of consumer behavior and the consumer decision-making process will be examined together with the example of a 35 year old woman, married with one kid, living in a big city that wants to buy a car. The main features of consumer behavior To better understand consumer behavior, it should be taken into account the factors that most influence the decision-making process. These factor are the following: Consumer Behavior Incentives According to the definition given by Wilkie (1994) people buy and consume goods to satisfy their needs and desires. It could be said that consumer behavior is a behavior motivated to meet specific goals, needs and desires. In most cases though not all of the consumer behavior, people buy and consume goods as a means to satisfy some of the needs material and sometimes emotional. It should be noted that consumers motives are not always obvious to third parties and as a result the use of theories and conduct of researches are necessary for better understanding of consumer behavior. In the present example, the woman wants a car to go to work, pick up kids from school and go to super-market. These are her stated needs. The car marketer should find out the emotional needs of the particular customer. A part of consumer behavior derives purely from functional motives), such as when someone buys bricks to build a house, buys a car to satisfy transportation needs while another part of his/her behavior is stimulated by selfexpressive motives (Wilkie, 1994:), as when someone buys a gift for to thank a family member or buy a car to satisfy his prestige needs. Blackwell et al.(2001),in contrast with this position argue that the needs of consumers should not be divided into two major categories, but in subcategories that should include and explain better the different consumer needs. Some of these needs are the physiological needs, the need for health and safety (as it is the case of the car safe travels), love and companionship, the need of financial resources, the need for pleasure, the need for the creation of the social image of the individual (buying a specific car brand to enhance personal prestige), the need of possessing (everybody has a car) and the need of information (Blackwe ll et al. 2001:233-245). At this point it should be mentioned that most consumer behaviors wish to fulfill more than one target or needs, thus not only talking about one motive, but about a group of motives which motivates consumer behavior. In the present example, the groups of motives are transportation, social image and possession needs. In addition, while some motives may be visible to consumers and third parties, others may be more difficult to determine, for example when the decisions that should be taken are more complex and closely linked to the feelings of the consumer. The activities of consumer behavior The act of consuming cannot be addressed unilaterally. It should be taken into account the thoughts, feelings, plans, decisions, markets and experiences accumulated by the act of consumption. Certainly, a researcher of purchasing behavior who focuses on the act of consumption and does not consider it globally, may omit other equally important activities (advertising, opinions of others, collection of information, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision, type of payment, product use, etc.) that are contained within it and they are equally important. These activities can be distinguished into deliberate and coincidental. For example, the activity of the decision of buying a product can be described in most cases as a deliberate consumer behavior as it is the case of the car where the consumer has to plan in advance the car purchase. On the other hand, when a consumer visits a store to buy a specific product in mind, s/he sees a multitude of other goods and not a few times he can buy some of these without having a plan. Such consumer behavior may be classified as impulsive. This differentiation is particularly useful to researchers of consumer behavior and advertisers, who understand the mechanisms of behavior more comprehensively (Wilkie: 1994). The process of consumer behavior The concept of process which includes various activity stages is a very useful approach to better understand consumer behavior. This process has three stages. The first stage of the activities of pro- buying could include the actions to select the product which is followed by the second stage of purchase of the product and finally the third stage of the after-purchase, which includes actions such as the depreciation of the product. The activities before buying the car could be search at auto-magazines, advertisement exposure etc., whereas at the third stage there could be activities like the evaluation of technical service etc. The treatment of consumer behavior as a process, stresses the importance of the stages that precede and follow the one of the purchase (Wilkie 1994:17), and gives guidelines to analyze the reason why a consumer makes specific purchases. Diversification of consumer behavior Two elements that could differentiate the consumer behavior of the individual are the the time and complexity of the decision. Time refers to when the decision is taken and the duration of the completion of the process. Complexity refers, in turn, to the number of activities involved in making a decision but also to the difficulty of this decision. Buying a car is a complex decision since it involves product and price comparison, ways of payment etc. Since it is a complex decision it is also time consuming. Relating these two concepts, it is understood that the more complex a decision is, the more time is needed for the decision. It is understandable that the more complex a decision is the greater will be the activities of the pre-purchase. In the present case, the activities could be talking to friends, look at car magazines, go to car exhibitions etc. Many times, however, the consumer to avoid a possible delay, which may lead to a not so profitable market s/he has not seen offers for the product so s/he acts with less detail than he could. In other words, s/he tries to simplify the decision-making process in the following ways (Wilkie:1994): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The consumer is not always looking for the best purchase, but for a good acceptable purchase. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ S/he is driven by information, advice and recommendations of third parties. The opinion of friends and family can play a significant role in the car buying decision. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ S/he trusts brands and stores purchased in the past and has remained satisfied with them. The salesman should check the previous brands purchased by the customer. Several times, the process of satisfying needs, is confronted with the simplification of the decision making process. As for example, the purchase of a relatively cheap product which should have the required by the consumer quality standards. Many consumers face such dilemmas, maintaining an agility on the purchasing process, therefore they can take advantage of these situations. Roles and Consumer Behavior A consumer in the decision process and after having made the decision,may have more than one roles, for example s/he can be the person that affects the final decision of the purchaser or user (influencer). S/he could be practicing these three roles at the same time as when shopping alone or when shopping only for himself. Consumer behavior, may influenced by others, so the role of the individual who affects the final decision may be played by people of the individuals wider social environment a friend / the family or otherwise it could be the salesman. In the present example this woman could be influenced by her husband in her decision. Moreover the role of the user in many cases could not be the purchaser and / or influencer, but a third person who will use the product purchased. It is understandable, that the possible combinations of these three roles could be outnumbered by those already mentioned, depending on the consumer, the external environment but also his personality. The woman, for example, may be influenced by her husband but she has her own personality thus she may choose the car brand that is more suitable to her. The roles of consumers mentioned above are born through social interactions. Very few purchases are made driven solely by the ego consciously or subconsciously peoples decisions take always into account their social circle. It is also important to note that the roles change during the lifetime of the consumer. For example, a child rarely can be an influencer and even more rarely buyer. The purchases of a childless young man usually involve himself, and a consumer with children buys largely for his family and certainly is influenced by the needs of other family members as it is the case in the present example. Extrinsic factors and Consumer Behavior It is a fact that the consumer is influenced by his/her environment, a fact that highlights the ability to adapt to different circumstances, depending always on the needs that should be met. This exogenous influence impacts on the consumer decision-making process. These factors are: Culture refers to beliefs, values and opinions shared by members of the society where people live and has a catalytic effect on peoples behavior during their life by putting limits in peoples understanding on which products and services are acceptable. The subcultures, are groups of people who belong in the broader context of culture and share similar values and attitudes. A subculture could be working women with children Some examples are those of gender, ethnicity, race, age and religion. Also, the social class that someone belongs to is a factor that may influence consumer behavior (Pinson Jolibert: 1998). Like what is his/her job, income and education level that s/he has. One of the main factors affecting the purchasing behavior is the family. Especially in Mediterranean societies, where the family institution is still strong, people are influenced by consumer habits as children and later as adults. The social surroundings and the reference groups to which people belong is an equally important factor, since everyday conversations and contacts affect consumer habits. For example, if someone play sports, s/he will definitely be affected by the advice of his/her coach regarding his/her dietary habits and clothes preferences. The external conditions such as inflation and unemployment or an illness in the family are factors that will determine the amount to be spent to purchase a product and when it is best to purchase a specific commodity. The marketing environment in conjunction with the presence at mass media is an area that in recent decades has gained immense power of influence in todays consumer. For example, usually the ads aim to influence consumer for a particular product of a certain brand, while the factor culture does not suggest specific brands but more goods for consumption. As stated by Peter and Olson, (1998), culture influences consumer behavior, which in turn may enhance the formulation and development of culture. Conclusion In the present essay ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µ ÃŽÂ · ÃŽÂ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ®Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ÃŽÅ ¸ ÃŽÂ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚  à Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ®Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± à Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ ÃŽÂ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­Ãƒ Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ° à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ®ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ data mining techniques ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ Ã… ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ÃŽÂ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ à Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µ ÃŽÂ ­ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½  ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® à Ã…’à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã…’ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ ÃŽÂ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± à Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ²ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ à Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ ÃŽÂ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã…’à Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ®Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ÃŽÂ  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±, ÃŽÂ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± à Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ ÃŽÂ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ à ƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µ ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ®ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± ÃŽÂ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã… ½Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ÃŽÂ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¶ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® ÃŽÂ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±. ÃŽÅ ¸ à Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã…’ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ®ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ ÃŽÂ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã…’à Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ à Ã…’à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ à Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ ÃŽÂ ºÃƒ Ã…’à Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ ÃŽÂ · ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ ÃŽÂ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã…’à Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ®Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ÃŽÂ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ à Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ  †¡ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± ÃŽÂ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã…’à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µ ÃŽÂ · ÃŽÂ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ®ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · ÃŽÂ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± à Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ®Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ® à Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ ÃŽÂ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡. 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(2002), Social identity as a useful perspective for self-conceptbased consumer research, Psychology and Marketing, Vol. 19 (3), March, pp. 235-266. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Rifkin, J (1996), ÃŽÂ ¤ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ µÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ ÃŽÂ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡: ÃŽÂ · ÃŽÂ ´Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã…’à Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ÃŽÂ µÃƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚  ÃŽÂ ´Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚  ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ ÃŽÂ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ®Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡, ΑΠ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ®ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±: ÃŽÂ £Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ã‚ » Α.Α. ΆºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ²ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Roberts, A.J. and Manolis, C. (2000), Baby boomers and busters: an exploratory investigation of attitudes toward marketing advertising and consumerism, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 17, pp. 481-499. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Roberts, A.J. and Mays, W.A. (2003), Generation Y has compulsive buying genes, source: www.applesforhealth.com/Mentalhealth à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Shoham, A. and Brencic, M. (2003), Compulsive buying behavior, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 20, No.2, pp. 127-138. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Solomon, M.R. (2002), Consumer behavior, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Statt, D.A. (1997), Understanding the consumer: a psychological approach, Houndmills: Macmillan Business. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Stern, H. (1962), The significance of impulse buying today, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 26, April, pp. 59-63. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Toffler, A. (1970), Future shock, Toronto: Bantam Books. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Wicklund, R.A. and Gollwitzer, P.M. (1982), Symbolic self-completion, Hillsade, NJ: Erlbaum. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Wilkie, W.L. (1994), Consumer behavior, New York: John Wiley Sons. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Williams, T.G. (2002), Social class influences on purchase evaluation criteria, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 9, No.13, pp. 249-276. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Wood, M. (1998), Socio-economic status, delay of gratification and impulse buying, Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol. 19, pp. 295-320. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Woodruffe, H. (1997), Compensatory consumption: why women go shopping when they are fed up and other stories, Marketing Intelligence and Planning, Vol. 15/ 7, pp. 325-334.

Architecture: Hancock Tower vs Prudential Center Essay -- Urban Landsc

In the capital of financial services, two insurance buildings dominate Boston’s skyline. The Hancock Tower and the Prudential Center are structures that display the uneven change and the urban development that has occurred in this city over the course 19th century. Located in back bay these edifices work with the directionalities of their adjacent streets and the cultural history of the structures that surround them. Boston’s foundation was composed in a manner that designated and organized space. This creates the tension and contrast present in that between the two structures. The iconography that these structures have over the city is important. It represents a sense of the past as well as the purpose that the built environment has with a changing society. Even though these structures dominate so much of the skyline, they interact differently with the public. There is a physical boundary that separates the functionalities and interaction in which society can actively have with them. This essay will focus on the structural purpose in regard to the form following function of these skyscrapers and how they each demonstrate a design aspect that characterizes Boston through a visual perspective. The Prudential center is the second tallest structure present in Boston. Located in back bay and easy to access through public transit, the complex serves as a market for hundreds of shops and stores. This structure is a network of buildings and indoor walk ways that work as a unit to provide a very interactive system of circulation. This center directly focuses on the public, to the extent that it directs them through out a majority of the connected structures. Individuals are allowed to travel all the way through the center and up to t... ...in its vast entirety fit for a shopping or community center. But until then it will just rule the skyline as a commercial and private corporation. Works Cited Rubin, Elihu. Insuring the City: The Prudential Center and the Postwar Urban Landscape. New Haven: Yale UP, 2012. Print. Beagle, Jonathan. Boston: A Visual History. Watertown, MA: Charlesbridge, 2013. Print. "Famous properties: Boston's signature skyscraper." Journal of Property Management July-Aug. 2004: 8. Academic OneFile. Web. 29 Apr. 2014. O'Connor, Mickey. "Tempest in A Beanpot." Architecture Mar. 2001: 126. Academic OneFile. Web. 29 Apr. 2014. "Pei, I. M. (1917-)." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Detroit: Gale, 1998. Academic OneFile. Web. 29 Apr. 2014. Luberoff, David. "A better public square." Technology Review May-June 1984: 80+. Academic OneFile. Web. 29 Apr. 2014.

Southern United States

Miss Kriz Abby Mayo AP U. S. History 14 March 2013 New England and the South History has shown explicitly the differences between the colonies in the Northern and Southern regions of the United States. These differences were determined in the way that the east coast of the United States was settled by colonists. The colonists developed the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies separately. The most influential factor in determining what life in each region would be like was the geography of each region.The geography then determined the economy of each region, which led to political and social developments. The differences between the New England colonies and the Southern colonies were often drastic enough that one might consider them better off as completely different nations. This possibility resulted in America’s devastating Civil War in the first half of the 19th century. However, there were inevitably at least a few similarities between the North and the South; after a ll, both were governed by the same federal administration.Though they shared a few similar aspects, the New England colonies and the Southern colonies were unmistakably different, whether one examined their political, religious, economic, or social aspects. Politically, there were not as many noticeable differences between the North and the South as there were economically. The Northern colonies of New England developed from their conservative Puritan roots, which came from their original colonizers. The essential values of New Englanders were decency, equal rights, and moral duty.The Northern political sphere has typically been more influential in the federal government than Southern politicians, though things have never been â€Å"easy† for Northerners. Obviously Southern representatives and senators fought to make sure that southern values were not disregarded. From a Southern perspective, politics are about hierarchy, racial superiority (particularly white Protestant male s). They supported greater power for individual states, while Northerners wanted a stronger central, federal government. The two factions are essentially opposites, and proved fatally polarizing in the federal legislature throughout history.These differing values were most conflicting in the years before and during the Civil War, when they reached a climax. Religion is the reason that European colonists first came to America. The Pilgrims of the Mayflower sought religious freedom in the exotic, uncharted â€Å"new world. † From there, America blossomed into a very valuable breeding ground for colonies. The first American settlers in Massachusetts were strict Puritans. Their religion was the center of their lives. Their religious views influenced their political actions greatly.In the South, religion was much less important in daily life, though it still had a presence. Over time, it came to be known that Southerners were typically Protestant or Anglican. They depended on and advocated for slavery, because their economy depended it, but also because unlike the New England colonists, their religion did not discourage it or promote equal rights. It is commonly claimed that the real religion of the South was their plantations. Religion often determined certain political views, playing a major part as a contributor to American society as a whole.However, these contributions took many different forms in the Northern colonies versus the Southern colonies. Geographical advantages and disadvantages ultimately governed the development of the individual economies in the North and the South, despite the fact that both comprised a single nation. The diverse geographical nature of the continental United States helped define factions of political and social opinion, particularly in the 19th century. In New England, as it is today, the soil was rocky and difficult to farm. Therefore, New England colonists looked to other sources of economic prosperity.They are known fo r having used many of the abundant natural resources surrounding them, such as granite, coal, and iron ore. They used these raw materials and used them to create products such as steel, and in doing so, made the New England colonies known for an industrial economy. The industrialist Northerners then developed more business-like political views. In the thoroughly agricultural South, the economy depended completely on cotton and other agricultural products. The plantation owners needed slaves to work their land, and slaves became a vital part of Southern economy.When Northerners challenged the ethics of slavery, the Southerners fought back in order to conserve their global economic success. This conflict developed into the bloody American Civil War. However, soon, America became known as one of the world’s foremost economic powers, permitted by the cooperation of the New Englanders and the Southerners. Political, religious, and economic views created American social society in the colonies. Inevitably, social classes developed, and they did so differently in each region. The entirety of Northern society was based on religion.Therefore, social developments were also based on religion. Their industrialism combined with their strong religious devotion caused them to place high value on literacy and education. Schools began to develop in New York and soon spread out across the colonies. Some of the prominent Northern ideals were equality, ethics, morality, and equal treatment of all people. The South could not have been more different. Rather than religion, which was a relatively insignificant part of Southern society, the South developed a typical system of social classes. At the bottom, of course, were the slaves.Middle class whites followed, and the wealthy upper class of white plantation owners were at the top of the food chain. Americans typically supported the beliefs of the region in which they lived. To them, it was just their nature to think the way they did. The dramatic differences between the â€Å"nature† of the North and the â€Å"nature† of the South caused huge problems for America as one unified nation. There were a few similarities that the North and the South shared. After all, they were part of the same country, though many of the Southerners liked to believe otherwise.Both the North and the South relied on imports for many of their manufactured goods. The Northern colonies’ industry was blossoming, but had not reached the level that many European nations were at. Additionally, they each relied on exports to finance their economic development. Finally, American colonists from both regions had trouble with Indian relations at times. The settlers believed themselves better than Native Americansin general and didn’t hesitate to show the natives what they thought of them. They also shared a common hatred for the English during the very early days of colonization and during the Revolutionary Wa r.Though undeniable similarities existed between the Northern colonies of New England and the Southern Colonies, it is clear that the list of differences between them is much more extensive. These differences really did prove fatal for the 600,000+ Americans that died fighting for them during the Civil War. Today, it is taken for granted that all Americans share an equal nationalistic pride. There is no more division between North and South, after decades of arguing, fighting, and war trying to rescue it.

Violence Involving Weapons

The Board of Education has removed the principal of the troubled Martin Luther King Jr. High School after a spate of violence involving weapons at the school. Most recently, on Friday, a student sneaked a knife into the bustling five-story building and threatened another student. The removal of the principal, Ronald Williams Wells, came almost three weeks after a crush of students, teachers and administrators dashed from the building and for cover in classrooms when a man shot two students in what appeared to be a dispute over a girl. The school is at West 66th Street and Amsterdam Avenue, a block from Lincoln Center. On Friday, two students were arrested after one student displayed a folding knife during an argument. He passed it to a second student after security officers arrived to break up the fight. The first student sneaked the knife into the building by passing it inside a book bag through the school's weapons scanner. Martin Luther King school officials did not call th! e Board of Education until hours later, said Catie Marshall. The Board of Education requires school administrators to call the board's emergency information center immediately after such incidents. During an investigation into the timing of the report, Tony Sawyer, the Manhattan high school superintendent, removed Mr. Wells Ms. Marshall said. The New York Post first reported the dismissal yesterday. Mr. Wells has been replaced by Steve Gutman, a 36-year veteran of the system who retired in September but came back to the board at Mr. Sawyer's request. Mr. Wells's new assignment has not been announced. After the Jan. 5 shootings, Mr. Wells came under criticism for not being at work. He was on duty with the National Guard that day. Schools Chancellor Harold O. Levy, who toured the building after the shooting, found that some people who were not enrolled in courses were carrying photo identification cards. The school has had its share of trouble in the nearly three decades since it opened. Efforts to improve the curriculum have faltered, and principals have quit. Next year, the school – which is large, with about 3,000 students – will be divided into two smaller academies. The removal of a principal cannot be seen as having fixed the problem,† said C. Virginia Fields, the Manhattan borough president, who is a member of the task force working to phase out the old school. â€Å"There is much work to be done. We need to address safety and security, as well as other concerns that have been raised, including academics and student selection. † My opinion on the whole thing is that the school made the right decision to remove the princible from the school. For one reason what if something happened again like Columbine. That would not be good.

The Beginning of a New Chapter Essay Example

The Beginning of a New Chapter Essay Example The Beginning of a New Chapter Essay The Beginning of a New Chapter Essay The beginning of a new chapter Life is a journey. Many unexpected events occur that brings us to the place we are at now. This event also makes us the person we are today. Some of these experiences are difficult, which builds our character. Some experiences help create our personality and the values we share in our lives. Having personal goals are very important to me. I strive daily by motivation and the passion I have to learn to be successful in everything I do. This will allow me to overcome the obstacles I might face that can lead me to the path of failure. Deciding to go back to school was not an easy decision. I have wanted to expand on my education for as long as I can imagine. Knowing that school is expensive and being a middle class citizen, I did not think that I could afford to go back to school. After talking to an Ashford, representative and he explained the financial aspect to college, I decided why not. I am not getting any younger. Having a better education will benefit me in the future. There are many reasons why I decided to return to school. Getting a better education and expanding my knowledge is the most important. I wanted to show my kids that it is never too late to learn and broaden the horizon to knowledge. Being a role model is one of the biggest goals I have set for myself. Knowing my kids understand that knowledge is the key to great success. Getting a better job is another reason I took the first step to bettering myself. I am tired of getting up early in the morning (2am) to go to a job that do not enjoy. My job is mentally and physically exhausting. When I arrive home, I am too tired to do anything else. I am working on a better time management, in order to accomplish everything. Furthering my education will lead to better job opportunities and widen the job choices. It is necessary to elaborate my knowledge for job satisfaction. Having a positive mind frame will help me overcome obstacles to be successful in completion of my degree program. Positive thinking leads to positive actions. Self-discipline is a good life lesson that will help me accomplish my educational goal. Managing my time to get assignments done will keep me on the path to success. Being confident in my work and doing my best will eliminate the road to failure. Returning to school has been a challenge and time consuming. Having my family as a support group has been beneficial to my educational goal. To achieve this goal, determination will lead me in the right direction to great success.

Leonardo da Vinci and Filippino Lippi Assignment

Leonardo da Vinci and Filippino Lippi - Assignment Example Da Vinci’s works are very distinctive. His lines are soft and clean, very detailed and life-like. He also uses cross hatching for shading. In his work, â€Å"Self Portrait c.1512 red chalk on paper†, his expert technique is also shown. The subject is supposed to be Leonardo da Vinci himself. It is a portrait of an old man, with the face tilted towards the third-quarter view. The subject is not facing the audience but one can see the expression in his eyes: solemn. Like most Renaissance artists then, his hair was long and he was bearded.The materials for this artwork are paper and red chalk. Like other da Vinci artworks, this illustration of a face of an old man (supposed to be himself), is anatomically perfect. The lines and wrinkles, up to the point that he looks to have lost his front teeth, is portrayed extremely well in the illustration. The lines are quite fine and light, and the shadowing was done by cross-hatching, which is very typical of da Vinci. Most scholars believe that this was also done by a left hand. Lippi was the illegitimate son of another painter, Fra Filippo Lippi. Under his father’s tutelage, he knew how to paint and illustrate. As with da Vinci, Lippi was also a master of anatomy. However, unlike da Vinci who was more scientific in nature (as in he invents, he engineers stuff, among other things), Lippi was more contracted and commission to work for churches as he made frescoes. His style echoed much of Boticelli’s style. In fact, some of his previous paintings have been signed, â€Å"A friend of Boticelli†.

Comparison of Governmental Policies of India and China Regarding Essay

Comparison of Governmental Policies of India and China Regarding Economic Progress and Social Wellbeing - Essay Example This essay is one of the best examples of comparative economic analysis of the government involvement in promoting economic growth in China and India from 1950s to 2010s. Efforts to improve the social, economic and political systems in the countries around the world lies on the hands of the political leaders representing these sovereign states. However, this responsibility does not lie solely on one specific regime of leadership. Instead, it depends on the historical context of issues and policies that a series of governments in the countries put into place. The most successful economies around the globe affiliate their economic stability with the strategic devoted participation of the past government institutions in the countries’ history. Perfect examples of countries with improved economic status are China and India. However, the extents and strategies employed in these states differ. Similarly, the social well-being of the citizens of each of the named countries differ substantially. China and India have long economic histories. A series of challenges posed by the international economic forces may have played a paramount role in the development of counter-strategies in the two countries. Chinese government has been very active in ensuring that the social welfare of the citizens becomes a priority. For instance, the Indian government facilitated the slow progress of the economy despite increased propositions by renowned economies. The rate at which two governments facilitated industrial development differs substantially.

Restaurant design issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Restaurant design issues - Essay Example The problem is in choosing the right kind of lighting. 4. Acoustics can make or break a restaurant. If the restaurant is too loud, then people will not want to eat there, unless the theme is that the restaurant is fun and vibrant. The right acoustics is essential to the success of the restaurant. Concept One of the most important aspects of design of the dining room is what concept is the restaurant going for? The concept is important because all the other aspects of the dining room would play off of this (Walker, 2005). Walker (2005) describes what a restaurant concept is, and how designs might change according to the concept that is conceived by the restaurant designer. He describes concept as â€Å"the matrix of ideas that constitutes what will be perceived as the restaurant’s image† (Walker, 2005, p. 51). A restaurant should aim for a concept that is different than other competing restaurants, while also being better than these other restaurants. The elements of con cept are atmosphere, menu, location, marketing, image and management. Examples of concepts include family restaurants, romantic restaurants, fun restaurants, formal restaurants, and, within each of these broad categories are sub-categories that help further define the restaurant. The concept should be clear-cut, in that the symbols, furnishings, service and everything else about the restaurant should be integrated into the proper image that is conveyed to the patrons about the restaurant. In other words, the restaurant should have some kind of theme, character or purpose (Walker, 2005). Walker (2005) lists some of the concept restaurants that have been successful, such as Planet Hollywood restaurants, Lettuce Entertain You restaurants, and different restaurants that are owned by celebrities. He also states that one of the most successful restaurant chain concepts is that of the Hard Rock Cafe. This was a chain that was founded in London in 1971, and each of the restaurants boasts ro ck ‘n’ roll memorabilia and a generally loud and boisterous atmosphere. Therefore, when beginning with the different dining room elements, one must first begin with what kind of concept the restaurant has. This will dictate the three elements that will be explored further in this essay – color schemes, lighting and acoustics. Obviously, a restaurant that has a concept as a family restaurant would have different lighting, color schemes and acoustics than would a restaurant that is being marketed as formal, or a restaurant that is marketed as fun - such as a Hard Rock Cafe or Planet Hollywood. Color Color schemes is the first element that must be considered. According to Piotrowski and Rogers (1999), color schemes need to reflect the overall concept and type of restaurant, as well as take into consideration the current color trends. The color scheme may be unexpected or traditional – for instance, in a Chinese restaurant, the traditional color scheme is red and gold. Unexpected colors might be mauve and walnut. This can work two ways – on the one hand, unexpected color schemes set the restaurant apart from other Chinese restaurants who stick with the more traditional schemes. On the other hand, this kind of color scheme might turn off the patrons who have come to expect the more traditional color scheme. Piotrowski and Rogers (1999) recommend studying color psychology before deciding upon the restaurant color scheme – certain colors stimulate appetite, other colors are soothing, and

Tuberculosis & Antibiotic resistance Essay Example for Free

Tuberculosis Antibiotic resistance Essay Tuberculosis (TB), also known as consumption, is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). TB is the leading cause of death in the world among reported deaths caused by a bacterial infectious disease. The disease affects 1.8 billion people per year, which is equal to one-third of the entire world population (Todar). Pulmonary tuberculosis accounts for the majority of the TB cases in the United States (Todar). Bovine tuberculosis is another infectious form of TB caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis (Tortora, Funke, and Case 690). M. bovis is the etiologic agent of TB in cows and rarely in humans. Both cows and humans can serve as reservoirs. Humans can also be infected with M. bovis by the consumption of unpasteurized milk. This route of transmission can lead to the development of extrapulmonary TB, exemplified in history by bone infections that led to hunched backs (Todar). M. bovis accounts for only 1% of TB cases in humans in the United States. Another bacterium associated with TB that forms in patients with the late stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is Mycobacterium avium-intrecellulare (Tortora, Funke, and Case 690). According to Todar, M. tuberculosis is a fairly large nonmotile rod-shaped bacterium distantly related to the Actinomycetes. The rods are 2-4 micrometers in length and 0.2-0.5 um in width. Many non-pathogenic mycobacteria are components of the normal flora of humans, found most often in dry and oily locations. M. tuberculosis is an obligate aerobe. For this reason, in the classic case of tuberculosis, MTB complexes are always found in the well-aerated upper lobes of the lungs. The bacterium is a facultative intracellular parasite, usually of macrophages, and has a slow generation time, 15-20 hours, and a physiological characteristic that may contribute to its virulence. Todar also states that the cell wall structure of M. tuberculosis deserves special attention because it is unique among procaryotes, and it is a major determinant of virulence for the bacterium. The cell wall complex contains peptidoglycan, but otherwise it is composed of complex lipids. Over 60% of the mycobacterial cell wall is lipid. The lipid fraction of MTBs cell wall consists of three major components, mycolic acids, cord factor, and wax-D. Mycolic acids are unique alpha-branched lipids found in cell  walls of Mycobacterium and Corynebacterium. They make up 50% of the dry weight of the mycobacterial cell envelope. Mycolic acids are strong hydrophobic molecules that form a lipid shell around the organism and affect permeability properties at the cell surface. Mycolic Acids are thought to be a significant determinant of virulence in MTB. Probably, they prevent attack of the mycobacteria by cationic proteins, lysozyme, and oxygen radicals in the phagocytic granule. They also protect extracellular mycobacteria from complement deposition in serum (Todar). TB has many structural and physiological properties that have been recognized for their contribution to mycobacterial virulence and pathology (Todar). According to Tortora, Funke, and Case, an important factor in the pathogenicity of the mycobacteria, rod-shaped bacteria with waxy outer coats (NIAID), probably is that the mycolic acids of the cell wall strongly stimulate an inflammatory response in the host. In the initial stage there are no symptoms of the disease but the infection is present when tubercle bacilli reach the aveoli of the lung and are ingested by macrophages and also some evade ingestion, and therefore, survive. In stage two, the tubercle bacilli multiply in the macrophages causing a chemotactic response that brings additional macrophages and other defensive cells to the area forming a surrounding layer and in turn an early tubercle. The surrounding macrophages are not successful in destroying bacteria but release enzymes and cytokines that cause lung damaging inflammation. During stage three, symptoms of the disease appear as many macrophages die, releasing tubercle bacilli and forming a caseous center in then tubercle. Many of the tubercle will remain dormant and serve as a basis for later reactivation of the disease. The disease may be arrested at this stage, and lesions become calcified. In stage four of infection, symptoms of the disease appear in some patients as a mature tubercle is formed. As the disease progresses the caseous center enlarges in a process called liquefaction. When the caseous center enlarges, an air-filled tuberculous cavity is formed in which the aerobic bacilli multiply outside of the macrophages. In stage five, liquefaction continues until the tubercle ruptures, which allows bacilli to spill into a bronchiole and then disseminate throughout the lungs and into the circulatory and lymphatic systems. These five stages are how the disease progresses when the defenses of the body fail. In most healthy individuals,  the infection is arrested, and fatal TB does not develop (Tortora, Funke, and Case 689).

The Reasons For Investing In It Projects Information Technology Essay

The Reasons For Investing In It Projects Information Technology Essay The requirement for software has developed far faster than world ability to create it. Also, the people need software that is isolated more usable, reliable, and stronger than what is being introduced today. We have become seriously dependent on very big software systems which behavior of character is not well identified and which are frequently fail in unexpected ways. So increase on software researches may be given a strong priority. Special emphasis should be placed on developing software for managing large amounts of information, for making computers easier to use, for making software easier to create and maintain, and for improving the ways humans communicate with computers.   IT changed the world Information Technology will be leading and most powerful in the 21st century that will change the way of our life style. Learning, working, and playing and everything will be depend on powerful IT Projects Advances in computing and communications technology will create a new infrastructure for business, scientific research, and social interaction. This expanding infrastructure will provide us with new tools for communicating throughout the world and for acquiring knowledge and insight from information. Information technology will help us to understand how we affect the natural environment and how best to protect it. It will provide a vehicle for economic growth. Information technology will make the workplace more rewarding, improve the quality of health care, and make government more responsive and accessible to the needs of our citizens. We are living in 21st century in these days everything is handy, everything is compact because of Information Technology .Developed country and developing country every one need information technology , because   everyone wants to make their work easier or shorter, even they are ready to spend more money for that. In this modern world people are expecting more from information technology, they want to be relevant to their dreams as a software or IT projects. The modern people are used to IT because the Information Technology have done a lot to the public that is from the communication service , transport service, accounts department, colleges, supermarkets, even a small grocery shop using   IT technologies. So this world is always welcoming Information Technology nowadays. IT is friendly for public   Mostly everyone in this world like to finish their work faster because that is the nature of human being,   so incredible   IT is a gift for   them. Now very rarely   we can see a long queue in bank or train ticket counter   because of   this IT   technology .You just imagine if millions of people living without any IT technology   even one day they cant   manage without it technology   everything will   freeze or struck and they cant   come out no heating no traffic lights. So everything depends on IT. The relationship between   information   technology   and   public never end public always need new   technologies and some updated for old technology. Impotence of   IT Companies There are lots of companies and organizations are waiting for good IT projects to attract their customers. They are ready to invest a lot of money for software projects. An IT company  needs to create a project for their clients, and they need to know about their clients requirements and user ability and the functions between the company and their customers. An IT company can do  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   End user IT support  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Managing desktops  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Managing their networks  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Voice and data communication  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Create Application for Business  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Planning for strategic Technology  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Project Management For their customers     Advantages   of   IT projects Information Technology   makes everything easy and faster. One software can finish the work very quickly, than many men doing that work so there is time saving. If a software can do a work of hundred mens work there is a cost cut, that company can save more wages in their profit. If everything computerized everything will be  under our finger tip paying a bill card transaction debit, credit card usage can do with a laptop or a PC. This could be financial impact, pure profit, ROI, increased sales, impact on share price. Mostly every department gets advantages from Information Technology so all of them are ready to invest their profits on Information Technology. Why companies and organizations investing in IT projects Each and every department working for their clients or customers, they need more customers to increase their profit level or profit margin. So they are expecting help from IT companies because they can create a suitable IT projects or software to make customers work easier. A good project management can create a useful project for their clients. A good project can very easily attract customers and in the mean time many customers can be handled by the software projects even a customer can operate the machine if the machine is user friendly, in future in all over the world all kind of work can be done by machines and applications. Many countries like America , United Kingdom Germany etc spending their money on Information Technology to develop the country.   Main Goals of investing in IT projects    There are main goals of everyone investing money, time in IT projects. Saving money saving time reduces risk of financial, technological and data losses caused by disasters. Increasing investment in IT projects become a multimillion business because the big company and industries realize that they can earn more money or more profit from this IT project and this IT projects stabilize their growth of their industries.  Ã‚  Ã‚